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Project ReportAuthor(s): Walker, I. and Staw, T.
Published: 2017
Publisher: ETI
This project aims to improve the understanding of the opportunity for and implications of moving to more integrated multi vector energy networks in the future. Future energy systems could use infrastructure very differently to how they are employed today. Several individual energy vectors - electricity, gas and hydrogen - are capable of delivering multiple services and there are other services that can be met or delivered by more than one vector or network
This Deliverable is the report summarising the work during the project overall. This study considers how greater integration between energy vectors, principally electricity, gas, heat networks and hydrogen, could lead to a more flexible and resilient energy system in the future, that is able to deliver carbon reduction objectives in a more cost-effective manner. Using a Case Study approach and considering a range of over-arching energy system evolutionary pathways, the study aims to identify circumstances where a multi vector approach to energy system development and operation will lead to a better outcome than continuation of today’s largely independently operated energy networks. The study provides insights into identification of the system conditions and geographies that create opportunities for multi vector systems and the timescales over which these systems are relevant. These early insights will help to plan investment in key infrastructure that will be in place for the long term
This Deliverable is the report summarising the work during the project overall. This study considers how greater integration between energy vectors, principally electricity, gas, heat networks and hydrogen, could lead to a more flexible and resilient energy system in the future, that is able to deliver carbon reduction objectives in a more cost-effective manner. Using a Case Study approach and considering a range of over-arching energy system evolutionary pathways, the study aims to identify circumstances where a multi vector approach to energy system development and operation will lead to a better outcome than continuation of today’s largely independently operated energy networks. The study provides insights into identification of the system conditions and geographies that create opportunities for multi vector systems and the timescales over which these systems are relevant. These early insights will help to plan investment in key infrastructure that will be in place for the long term
Author(s): Green, A.
Published: 2017
Publisher: ETI
ETI’s Programme Manager Andrew Green presented “Abated Gas Power: the Critical Contribution of CCS to the Future Power System” at the Energy Institute on 15th June 2017. This slideset consists of:-
- Energy System Analysis –the importance of CCS
- UK Power System –the value of CCS
- CCS in the UK –some recent history and development of the ETI’s current programme
- Addressing the credibility of the cost base: the ETI’s Thermal Power with CCS - Generic Business Case Project
- Conclusions and next steps
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This final report provides a summary of the benefit case of accelerating - by means of a technology demonstrator - technologies identified as promising by analysis of the UK bioenergy system using the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM) toolkit.
The proposals for technology acceleration, and therefore potential technology demonstrators, in bioenergy have been tested with the Bioenergy SAG. The importance of biomass gasification to H2 or bioSNG, and bio-CCS using chemical looping technology is being explored further to identify what are the technology barriers and whether ETI can play a meaningful role in accelerating the technology.
The development of the BVCM model has been ongoing since the project first started in 2011. The documents published here relate to the intial phases of model development. They do not included later developments and are therefore not representative of the current BVCM model, or in some cases, its findings. For a more recent overview of BVCM and the findings derived from it, readers are encouraged to look at the insights and reportspublished by the ETI.
The proposals for technology acceleration, and therefore potential technology demonstrators, in bioenergy have been tested with the Bioenergy SAG. The importance of biomass gasification to H2 or bioSNG, and bio-CCS using chemical looping technology is being explored further to identify what are the technology barriers and whether ETI can play a meaningful role in accelerating the technology.
The development of the BVCM model has been ongoing since the project first started in 2011. The documents published here relate to the intial phases of model development. They do not included later developments and are therefore not representative of the current BVCM model, or in some cases, its findings. For a more recent overview of BVCM and the findings derived from it, readers are encouraged to look at the insights and reportspublished by the ETI.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This document presents technology opportunities and bioenergy roadmapping, based on the case study analysis carried out with the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM). The main objective of this report is to identify the opportunities for the development and deployment of promising technologies based on the output of the optimisation runs of the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM). It contains the basis for the initial model development.
The development of the BVCM model has been ongoing since the project first started in 2011. The documents published here relate to the intial phases of model development. They do not included later developments and are therefore not representative of the current BVCM model, or in some cases, its findings. For a more recent overview of BVCM and the findings derived from it, readers are encouraged to look at the insights and reportspublished by the ETI.
The development of the BVCM model has been ongoing since the project first started in 2011. The documents published here relate to the intial phases of model development. They do not included later developments and are therefore not representative of the current BVCM model, or in some cases, its findings. For a more recent overview of BVCM and the findings derived from it, readers are encouraged to look at the insights and reportspublished by the ETI.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. Bioenergy production coupled with CCS could provide up to 10% of UK energy in the 2050s and deliver substantial net negative emissions. At the time of writing (2012) Bioenergy with CCS was thought to have the potential to remove 50 - 100 Mt of CO2 from the atmosphere each year by 2050. More recent analysis, published in the Bioenergy Insights papers, suggests that this figure is closer to 55 Mt CO2/yr.The Biomass to Power with CCS project found that uncertainties in the data resulted in large potential uncertainties in the conclusions, particularly with regard to the looping technologies. This made the comparison of the eight technologies, and drawing definitive conclusions, difficult. The project team recommended further investigation of the data, in particular data relating to chemical looping technologies
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. The Biomass to Power with CCS project (2011-2012) consisted of an assessment of the technology and cost barriers for biomass fuelled power and the optimum scale-up potential of single-source and co-fired biomass to power with carbon capture technology. This executive summary is based on the summary provided by the consortium in their Technology Landscape and Recommendations Report; this is the output of Work Package 1.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. Bioenergy production coupled with CCS could provide up to 10% of UK energy in the 2050s and deliver substantial net negative emissions. At the time of writing (2012) Bioenergy with CCS was thought to have the potential to remove 50 - 100 Mt of CO2 from the atmosphere each year by 2050. More recent analysis, published in the Bioenergy Insights papers, suggests that this figure is closer to 55 Mt CO2/yr. The Biomass to Power with CCS project found that uncertainties in the data resulted in large potential uncertainties in the conclusions, particularly with regard to the looping technologies. This made the comparison of the eight technologies, and drawing definitive conclusions, difficult. The project team recommended further investigation of the data, in particular data relating to chemical looping technologies.
Author(s): The Energy Zone Consortium
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This report builds on the previous Detailed Supply Chain Workshop report (WP4.4) and presents detailed plans for delivery of mass scale wholehouse retrofit together with a time based and costed supply chain transformation road map. The road map presented here illustrates the key areas of change needed, what needs to be achieved in what time frame and what resources are required. The objective is to achieve a national capability for retrofit using poly-competent installation teams dedicated to retrofit and achieve a capacity of 400,000 retrofits per annum by 2020. This is seen as the required trajectory to build sufficient momentum to deliver to a large proportion of the UK’s 26 million homes by 2020. It is recommended this report is read in conjunction with deliverable WP3.5 - Mass Implementation Plan.
This is deliverable 6 of 8 in Work Package 4. Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.
This report builds on the previous Detailed Supply Chain Workshop report (WP4.4) and presents detailed plans for delivery of mass scale wholehouse retrofit together with a time based and costed supply chain transformation road map. The road map presented here illustrates the key areas of change needed, what needs to be achieved in what time frame and what resources are required. The objective is to achieve a national capability for retrofit using poly-competent installation teams dedicated to retrofit and achieve a capacity of 400,000 retrofits per annum by 2020. This is seen as the required trajectory to build sufficient momentum to deliver to a large proportion of the UK’s 26 million homes by 2020. It is recommended this report is read in conjunction with deliverable WP3.5 - Mass Implementation Plan.
This is deliverable 6 of 8 in Work Package 4. Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.
Author(s): Ramos, M. and Burrows, K.
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This deliverable is number 4b of 7 in Work Package 3. The report describes the retrofit solutions which have been designed to target the house types most likely to be occupied by consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. As such 9 house types have been identified for each of which 2 levels of retrofit package (basic and enhanced) have been created. The impacts of these retrofit packages have been quantified through the use of the Thermal Efficiency model developed within Work Package 1 of the project. This report highlights that occupant behaviour has a significant impact on the viability of retrofit and that advances in materials and techniques are needed if a meaningful impact on energy consumption is to be achieved through retrofit.
Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents maybe out of date.
This deliverable is number 4b of 7 in Work Package 3. The report describes the retrofit solutions which have been designed to target the house types most likely to be occupied by consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. As such 9 house types have been identified for each of which 2 levels of retrofit package (basic and enhanced) have been created. The impacts of these retrofit packages have been quantified through the use of the Thermal Efficiency model developed within Work Package 1 of the project. This report highlights that occupant behaviour has a significant impact on the viability of retrofit and that advances in materials and techniques are needed if a meaningful impact on energy consumption is to be achieved through retrofit.
Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents maybe out of date.
Author(s): Burrows, K. and Ramos, M.
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This deliverable is number 4 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report outlines actions necessary to roll out mass scale retrofit of the UK housing stock from 2012 to 2050, based on the findings of the project. The report proposes this period be structured into 3 phases:
This deliverable is number 4 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report outlines actions necessary to roll out mass scale retrofit of the UK housing stock from 2012 to 2050, based on the findings of the project. The report proposes this period be structured into 3 phases:
- 1) Preparation to 2020
- 2) Retrofit rollout 2020 to 2030
- 3) Future scenarios 2030 to 2050.
Author(s): Cook, P., Smith, R., Davies, P. and Lake, D.
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
Work Package 4 has developed a system design proposal for a highly effective, domestic retrofit supply chain with minimal waste. The proposal is capable of delivering mass retrofit to reduce energy consumption across the UK housing stock for all tenures.
This report summarises the supply chain outputs from the 2 year research project andpresents a hypothesis on how a supply chain could be configured to deliver retrofit viably at scale. The outputs have been peer reviewed across industry and run in parallel to the development of theGreen Deal model and although the two approaches tackle different aspects of retrofit they are supportive of one another.
This is the final deliverable in Work Package 4. The appendices are not available. Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.
Work Package 4 has developed a system design proposal for a highly effective, domestic retrofit supply chain with minimal waste. The proposal is capable of delivering mass retrofit to reduce energy consumption across the UK housing stock for all tenures.
This report summarises the supply chain outputs from the 2 year research project andpresents a hypothesis on how a supply chain could be configured to deliver retrofit viably at scale. The outputs have been peer reviewed across industry and run in parallel to the development of theGreen Deal model and although the two approaches tackle different aspects of retrofit they are supportive of one another.
This is the final deliverable in Work Package 4. The appendices are not available. Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.
Author(s): Cook, P., Davies, P. and Lake, D.
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This deliverable is number 5 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on the previous Target Retrofit Supply Chain Scenarios report (WP4.3) to presents detailed plans for delivery of mass-scale whole house retrofit. This covers the survey and installation processes, the cost of retrofitting the most common property types in the UK and how cost is built up. In addition a market take up hypothesis has been generated based on which customer segments will take up retrofit first; this allowed an estimate of regional coverage for retrofit capacity (manpower, materials and competencies) to be made. This has been dependent on the building stock modelling functionality developed in Work Package 2 of the project.
Key Messages
This deliverable is number 5 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on the previous Target Retrofit Supply Chain Scenarios report (WP4.3) to presents detailed plans for delivery of mass-scale whole house retrofit. This covers the survey and installation processes, the cost of retrofitting the most common property types in the UK and how cost is built up. In addition a market take up hypothesis has been generated based on which customer segments will take up retrofit first; this allowed an estimate of regional coverage for retrofit capacity (manpower, materials and competencies) to be made. This has been dependent on the building stock modelling functionality developed in Work Package 2 of the project.
Key Messages
- The 4 hour detailed survey with 2 people is possible (even for the most difficult house) and there is scope to reducethis further.
- It has been shown to be possible to retrofit the two levels of intervention, Retro Fix and Retro Plus, across the modelled house types in 10 elapsed days or less (depending on property size/ complexity and weather permitting) using a team of 4 poly-competent retrofitters.
- Increasing competencies will be vital to deliver retrofit brilliantly and at scale - new training systems are required to provide an up-skilling route for people wishing to enter the retrofit industry.
- New or simplified accreditation and warranty systems are needed for retrofit
- Standard retrofit solutions will help generate efficiency gains and simplify the provision of materials.
- Progress has been made to understand how cost is built up within the supply chain but further work is needed to allow key players to share cost information.
- Retrofit cost of under£10,000 for most house types is feasible but challenging for most house types based on our understanding of how cost is built up within the supply chain. More specific cost data will be generated for common house archetypes; these will be presented in follow up reports for this work package.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This is the Executive Summary, which summarises the findings of WP4 D5, The Detailed Supply Chain Workshop. The full report is also available. This deliverable presents detailed plans for the delivery of mass scale whole house retrofit, covering the survey and installation process, the cost of retrofitting the most common property types in the UK and how the cost is built up - the design of an end to end supply chain model and specification
n prior work package 4 reports, an analysis and review of the retrofit supply chain was carried out and alternative supply chain models were reviewed. This led to the development of a ‘least wasteful supply chain model’. This seeks to overcome the inefficiencies of the current siloed trade based supply chain. The work described in this report has built on this model to include estimates of the likely regional demand and supply chain capacity needed to deliver manpower and materials to satisfy projected demand for retrofit.
This is the Executive Summary, which summarises the findings of WP4 D5, The Detailed Supply Chain Workshop. The full report is also available. This deliverable presents detailed plans for the delivery of mass scale whole house retrofit, covering the survey and installation process, the cost of retrofitting the most common property types in the UK and how the cost is built up - the design of an end to end supply chain model and specification
n prior work package 4 reports, an analysis and review of the retrofit supply chain was carried out and alternative supply chain models were reviewed. This led to the development of a ‘least wasteful supply chain model’. This seeks to overcome the inefficiencies of the current siloed trade based supply chain. The work described in this report has built on this model to include estimates of the likely regional demand and supply chain capacity needed to deliver manpower and materials to satisfy projected demand for retrofit.
Author(s): ETi
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This deliverable is number 5 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. seeks to conclude Work Package 5 with a summary of the previous deliverables, drawing out key items of learning, highlighting areas that impact wider project aims or ideas and providing a critical evaluation of the work package as a whole. The report contains:-
This deliverable is number 5 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. seeks to conclude Work Package 5 with a summary of the previous deliverables, drawing out key items of learning, highlighting areas that impact wider project aims or ideas and providing a critical evaluation of the work package as a whole. The report contains:-
- A summary of the Work Package and its deliverables;
- A final summary of the customer segmentation;
- The early adopter segments;
- Synthesis conclusions and recommendations;
- Evaluation of the deliverable and suggestions for future work.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This is the executive summary of deliverable 2 of Work Package 5. Deliverable 5.2, Customer Value Methodology. It summarises
This is the executive summary of deliverable 2 of Work Package 5. Deliverable 5.2, Customer Value Methodology. It summarises
- existing methodologies
- choice of Experian Mosaic-Green
- work with Experian to refine the customer segments from their model in this specific context
- summarises the ten resulting customer segments
- presents a diagram showing their relationship to age and affluence
- describes the further work to be done
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This is the executive summary of WP4 D5: Change Management Roadmap. The objective of deliverable 4.5 is to develop a Change Management Roadmap that details the actions needed to transform the supply chain to deliver retrofit effectively at scale. The report presents a top level transformation plan together with the timescales, actions and estimated costs necessary to realise the future state supply chain that has been proposed as part of the project. This was a 3 stage process:
This is the executive summary of WP4 D5: Change Management Roadmap. The objective of deliverable 4.5 is to develop a Change Management Roadmap that details the actions needed to transform the supply chain to deliver retrofit effectively at scale. The report presents a top level transformation plan together with the timescales, actions and estimated costs necessary to realise the future state supply chain that has been proposed as part of the project. This was a 3 stage process:
- Splitting the retrofit process into delivery steps and supporting activities, adding a description / specification at each step for the future state, this future state is documented in deliverables 4.3 and 4.4.
- Add the current state for the existing supply chain
- Identify the transformation route from current state to desired future state, the participants required to take action, prioritisation and the likely costs / timeframes. The goal is the capacity to achieve 400,000 retrofits per year by 2020. The result of this activity is the transformation plan identified in this deliverable.
- Transformational roadmap, plan and high level budget
- Stakeholder review
- Commercial drivers
- Obstacles & Risks
- Geographical Considerations
- Material and Process Change Requirements
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050.It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment.The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.
This is the Executive Summary of deliverable 4.2. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers’ requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.
Through the work completed for this stage of retrofit supply chain development major themes have emerged which will be explored in the next phase of work (work package 4.3)
This is the Executive Summary of deliverable 4.2. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers’ requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.
Through the work completed for this stage of retrofit supply chain development major themes have emerged which will be explored in the next phase of work (work package 4.3)
- The current supply chain is split by silos around the existing trades:
- Windows and doors
- Loft / Roof insulation
- Heating and plumbing
- External insulation
- Internal insulation
- Delivery of retrofit is centred on these trade silos resulting in duplication in the supply chain and retrofit installation businesses
- There is a piecemeal approach to retrofit design and installation again split by function resulting in a failure to achieve the performance and cost benefits of a systems engineered approach
- The skills and qualifications demanded to work legally and to satisfy warranty provisions with products used in retrofit are mostly general and not “right sized, and fit for the purpose” for a future mass retrofit market
- The existing supply chain is not configured for the retrofit market (which has yet to emerge) and there is no clear strategy for distribution and consolidation of products to effectively support and enable retrofit businesses.
- Routes to obtain funding and investment in domestic retrofit are unclear and the team has been unsuccessful in engaging with the financial community on this project. The green deal mayinclude mechanisms but is unlikely to enable the whole house retrofit systems approach.
- The survey process requires in depth study to provide a robust system to remove risk from the retrofit process. This is likely to include a large element of continuous monitoring, feedback and improvement as the industry forms and matures.
- Current trade skills are inappropriate for retrofit being broad based with limited cover for cross trade working. The retrofit installation process also requires in depth study to understand the basic competences and optimise team working to achieve the best value balance of number of people on site and time taken for retrofit.
- Trade qualifications and legislation for working with gas, water and electricity are likely to limit the speed and effectiveness of the development of retrofit unless reviewed and brought into line with the competence approach suggested here.
- New products are required to simplify retrofit activities and increase the robustness of the end result. Pre fabrication and off site material preparation are also seen as a requirement to increase speed and quality of installation results.
- Significant cost erosion is required to allow whole house retrofit to be a financially attractive investment to home owners.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
The vision for the ETI’s CCS Next Generation Capture Technologies focus area is to support the development of a transformational capture technology to a stage where it is ready for incorporation into a full scale demonstration or first of a kind build by 2015. To support selection of the most appropriate technology, the ETI commissioned a series of projects, with Foster Wheeler Energy Limited (FW), to produce outline designs and technoeconomic assessments of power generation plant with different capture technologies. This report summarises the key findings from the first of these: the Capture Benchmarking project. The primary aim of this project was to establish a set of techno-economic performance benchmarks, based on ‘best available technology’, against which the performance of potential ‘Next Generation’ technologies could be objectively measured. Thesebenchmarks covered the three key capture technologies for power generation applications (pre-combustion, post-combustion (for coal and gas) and oxyfuel), based on a ‘typical’ UK application. The key deliverables for the project were a comprehensive technical report and spreadsheet economic model, which allows ‘what if’ calculations to be undertaken.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Deployment of CCS could provide up to 20% of the emission reduction required to stabilise atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases over the next 50 years. The reduction in harmful emissions could be greater than any other single energy technology, including nuclear and renewables. A key driver for CCS is cost of capture of CO2. The vision for the ETI’s CCS Next Generation Capture Technologies focus area is that the ETI will have supported the development of a transformational capture technology to a stage where it is ready for incorporation into a full scale demonstration or first of a kind (FOAK) build by 2015, enabling such a plant to be complete and operational by 2020. To support selection of the most appropriate technology, the ETI commissioned a series of projects under its Flexible Research Programme to produce outline designs and technoeconomic assessmentsof power generation plant with different capture technologies
Author(s): Durusut, E., Slater, S., Murray, S, and Hare, P.
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
This report aims to extend the Energy Technology Institute’s (ETI) modelling analysis of the role of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in enabling the UK to meet its carbon budgets efficiently. ETI’s energy system modelling uses robust engineering analysis and cost evidence within its Energy System Modelling Environment (ESME). ESME analysis suggests that without CCS, the cost of reaching UK Climate Change targets will double from a minimum of around £30bn per year in 2050. Apart from its role in power generation, CCS enables flexible low carbon energy by capturing industrial emissions, through gasification applications and by delivering negative emissions in combination with bio-energy.
Enabling CCS to realise its potential and play this key role will require substantial investment in building the sector over the period to 2030. ESME scenarios suggest that acost-optimal 2050 energy system would require building a sector storing ca. 100 million tonnes of CO2 by 2050. To reach this target requires that the CCS sector and associated infrastructure will need to be extensively developed by 2030, storing ca. 50 million tonnes of CO2 with ~10 Gigawatts (GW) of power CCS and contribution from industrial sources. Delaying development of this capacity beyond 2030 would expose the UK to substantial cost and deployment risks in meeting carbon budgets.
If delays were to permanently stunt the growth of CCS in the UK the likely impact is a substantial increase in the economic burden of meeting carbon targets, arising from the need to deploy higher cost technologies to cut emissions, particularly in heat and transport. As suggested above, a complete failure to deploy CCS would imply close to a doubling of the cost of carbon abatement to the UK economy from circa 1% to 2% of GDP.
Enabling CCS to realise its potential and play this key role will require substantial investment in building the sector over the period to 2030. ESME scenarios suggest that acost-optimal 2050 energy system would require building a sector storing ca. 100 million tonnes of CO2 by 2050. To reach this target requires that the CCS sector and associated infrastructure will need to be extensively developed by 2030, storing ca. 50 million tonnes of CO2 with ~10 Gigawatts (GW) of power CCS and contribution from industrial sources. Delaying development of this capacity beyond 2030 would expose the UK to substantial cost and deployment risks in meeting carbon budgets.
If delays were to permanently stunt the growth of CCS in the UK the likely impact is a substantial increase in the economic burden of meeting carbon targets, arising from the need to deploy higher cost technologies to cut emissions, particularly in heat and transport. As suggested above, a complete failure to deploy CCS would imply close to a doubling of the cost of carbon abatement to the UK economy from circa 1% to 2% of GDP.
Author(s): Mortimer, N.D., Rix, J.H.R., Evans, A,F,K,. Elsayed, M., Hunter, A.J., Matthews, R.W., Hogan, G., Turley, D., Goldsworthy, M. and McNamee, P.
Published: 2017
Publisher: ETI
The ETI appointed North Energy Associates (NEA) to lead a new Carbon Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Evidence Analysis project in its Bioenergy Programme. LCAs are used to understand the greenhouse gas emissions associated with bioenergy from across the supply chain, from feedstock production to energy production. Several different methodologies can be used in LCAs and this ETI project assessed the strengths and weaknesses associated with applying these methodologies to bioenergy value chains. It also reviewed sources of data for LCAs and produced a compendium of the best and most reliable data across different UK-relevant bioenergy feedstocks and value chains. This compendium has formed the basis of a series of carbon balance calculations across a range of bioenergy value chains so that emissions from different feedstocks can be compared.
This report documents the outcomes of Work Package 2 of this project which has the main objectives of analysing previous relevant LCA studies by providing
This report documents the outcomes of Work Package 2 of this project which has the main objectives of analysing previous relevant LCA studies by providing
- a critique of the robustness of the evidence base based on both data and methodologies used;
- a measure of certainty behind the data reviewed; and
- details of the confidence the reviewer may have in interpreting the data.
Author(s): Forest Research
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
The primary objective of this 2015/16/17 Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This 86 page report is the second of seven deliverables produced as part of Phase 1 (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks Project and the second of two under Milestone 1. It describes the rationale for both the experimental design and the decisions taken. Deliverable 2 was to provide technical details to enable the ETI to check the technical validity of the project, in particular that feedstocks and soils would be representatively sampled, sample integrity would be maintained, approved laboratory methods would be used, and that both the statistical analyses and database design would be fit for purpose.The report provides the following
- how sampling consistency will be assured;
- the design for the planned database;
- the roles and responsibilities between all parties involved in sampling, data collection and lab analysis.
- the rationale for the experimental approach
Author(s): Sinclair Knight Merz
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Large-scale offshore renewable energy farms, including wind, tidal stream and wave energy systems, are likely to play an increasingly significant role in enabling the UK to meet its long-term CO2 emissions reductions targets. However, the development and installation of large renewable energy farms off the coast of the UK provides a number of challenges in terms of:
- the collection of electrical energy offshore from multiple renewable energy farms,
- the transportation of electrical energy generated by these offshore farms to the UK shoreline,
- the connection and integration into the onshore power system.
- a clear understanding of the key issues concerning the connection of multiple renewable energy farms off the UK coast
- assessments of the likely technical limits concerning the integration of offshore renewable energy systems into the UK power system
- recommendations for new, optimised solutions for the grid connection of multiple offshore renewable energy farms, including the provision of design concepts for offshore HVDC electrical systems
- identification of technology development opportunities for the industry.
- Distributed Smaller Windfarms
- Large Windfarms
- Very Large Windfarms
- Small Marine Case
- Medium Wave Case
- Large Tidal Case
- Combined Tidal and Wind Case
Author(s): Sinclair Knight Merz
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Large-scale offshore renewable energy farms, including wind, tidal stream and wave energy systems, are likely to play an increasingly significant role in enabling the UK to meet its long-term CO2 emissions reductions targets. However, the development and installation of large renewable energy farms off the coast of the UK provides a number of challenges in terms of:
- the collection of electrical energy offshore from individual and multiple renewable energy farms,
- the transportation of bulk electrical energy generated by these offshore farms to the UK shoreline,
- the connection and integration of these offshore farms into the onshore power system.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The Consumer and Vehicles project looked at the potential long-term performance and cost of plug-in vehicles. It examined consumer reactions and behaviours in buying and using them. It explored supporting infrastructure, and included in-depth surveys with 3,000 consumers and real-world testing with 40 drivers.
This Executive Summary covers Work Packages 1.1 and 1.2. The purpose of Work Package 1.1 was to develop a model of future vehicle capability and performance, from which long-term infrastructure needs can be determined and plug-in vehicles1 can be objectively evaluated against conventional vehicles. The purpose of Work Package 1.2 was to determine realistic cost forecasts for plug-in vehicles by conducting a robust analysis of the fundamental cost drivers.
This project was undertaken and delivered prior to 2012, the results of this project were correct at thetime of publication and may contain, or be based on, information or assumptions which have subsequently changed.
This Executive Summary covers Work Packages 1.1 and 1.2. The purpose of Work Package 1.1 was to develop a model of future vehicle capability and performance, from which long-term infrastructure needs can be determined and plug-in vehicles1 can be objectively evaluated against conventional vehicles. The purpose of Work Package 1.2 was to determine realistic cost forecasts for plug-in vehicles by conducting a robust analysis of the fundamental cost drivers.
This project was undertaken and delivered prior to 2012, the results of this project were correct at thetime of publication and may contain, or be based on, information or assumptions which have subsequently changed.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The Consumer and Vehicles project looked at the potential long-term performance and cost of plug-in vehicles. It examined consumer reactions and behaviours in buying and using them. It explored supporting infrastructure, and included in-depth surveys with 3,000 consumers and real-world testing with 40 drivers.
This Executive Summary covers Work Packages 1.3 and 1.4. The purpose of Work Package 1.3 was to develop and deliver a segmentation model of the consumer vehicle market (representing both ownership and usage) segmented by the factors affecting purchase and use of plug-in vehicles. The purpose of Work Package 1.4 was to develop a model, representing consumer attitudes to purchasing, and behaviours when using, plug-in vehicles as a function of the key factors affecting the consumer response.
This project was undertaken and delivered prior to 2012, the results ofthis project were correct at the time of publication and may contain, or be based on, information or assumptions which have subsequently changed.
This Executive Summary covers Work Packages 1.3 and 1.4. The purpose of Work Package 1.3 was to develop and deliver a segmentation model of the consumer vehicle market (representing both ownership and usage) segmented by the factors affecting purchase and use of plug-in vehicles. The purpose of Work Package 1.4 was to develop a model, representing consumer attitudes to purchasing, and behaviours when using, plug-in vehicles as a function of the key factors affecting the consumer response.
This project was undertaken and delivered prior to 2012, the results ofthis project were correct at the time of publication and may contain, or be based on, information or assumptions which have subsequently changed.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Offshore Wind has huge potential to reduce carbon emissions and create economic prosperity, as well as increasing energy security of supply. For this potential to be unlocked, significant challenges that need to be overcome:
This project was led by Blue H Technologies. The consortium also included BAE Systems, Romax, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Agricultural Science, EDF, PAFA Consulting Engineers and Sea & Land Power and Energy Ltd. It delivered an economic and technical feasibility study for a novel floating TLP 5MW offshore wind turbine having a hybrid concrete/steel floater and a concrete counter weight
Conclusions:
- Electricity costs need to be competitive with current (2010) onshore wind costs by 2020 and with conventional generation by 2050. This is illustrated in the Offshore Wind roadmap in Appendix D,
- Increased yields: annual offshore farm availability to be increased to 97%-98% or better (currently 80% to 90%),
- Reduce technical uncertainties to allow farms to be financed in a manner, and at costs, equivalent to onshore wind today.
This project was led by Blue H Technologies. The consortium also included BAE Systems, Romax, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Agricultural Science, EDF, PAFA Consulting Engineers and Sea & Land Power and Energy Ltd. It delivered an economic and technical feasibility study for a novel floating TLP 5MW offshore wind turbine having a hybrid concrete/steel floater and a concrete counter weight
Conclusions:
- This project has provided the ETI with valuable data on TLP floating foundation design and cost to inform the ETI Offshore Wind programme’s future work (2010 to 2015):
- The Turbine and TLP are not afully integrated system. In the next phase (if taken forward), further work would need to be done on modelling the interactions between waves, TLP, the tower and the nacelle. Existing commercial software will need to be enhanced to meet this need.Currentcommercial software models support structures fixed to the seabed / ground.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Offshore Wind has huge potential to reduce carbon emissions and create economic prosperity, as well as increasing energy security of supply. For this potential to be unlocked, significant challenges that need to be overcome:
This project was led by Blue H Technologies. The consortium also included BAE Systems, Romax, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Agricultural Science, EDF, PAFA Consulting Engineers and Sea & Land Power and Energy Ltd. It delivered an economic and technical feasibility study for a novel floating TLP 5MW offshore wind turbine having a hybrid concrete/steel floater and a concrete counter weight.
Key findings:
- Electricity costs need to be competitive with current (2010) onshore wind costs by 2020 and with conventional generation by 2050,
- Increased yields: annual offshore farm availability to be increased to 97%-98% or better,
- Reduce technical uncertainties to allow farms to be financed in a manner, and at costs, equivalent to onshore wind today.
This project was led by Blue H Technologies. The consortium also included BAE Systems, Romax, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Agricultural Science, EDF, PAFA Consulting Engineers and Sea & Land Power and Energy Ltd. It delivered an economic and technical feasibility study for a novel floating TLP 5MW offshore wind turbine having a hybrid concrete/steel floater and a concrete counter weight.
Key findings:
- This project has provided the ETI with valuable data on TLP floating foundation design and cost. This information has helped shape the next stage of the ETI Offshore Wind programme. li>Our analysis has concluded that the cost of energy from the deep water high wind sites is competitive with that of the typical Round 3 sites.
- Further optimisation of the TLP floating foundation design could further improve energy costs.
Author(s): McNamara, N., Oxley, J., Perks, M., Smith, P., Taylor, G., Finch, J., Ineson, P., Donnison, I., Sohi, S., Marshall, R. and Rowe, R.
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
The ELUM project was commissioned to provide greater understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF). The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. This 23 page report provides an executive summary of the ELUM programme of work including a description of the relationship between the fieldwork programme and the modelling and key outcomes
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:
This Executive Summary covers Work Package 2.1. The purpose of this Work Package was to determine what barriers may exist within the UK electricity distribution system, develop potential mitigation strategies and create a macro-level model to enable city-level planning of recharging infrastructure deployment. It concludes that
- Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
- Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).
This Executive Summary covers Work Package 2.1. The purpose of this Work Package was to determine what barriers may exist within the UK electricity distribution system, develop potential mitigation strategies and create a macro-level model to enable city-level planning of recharging infrastructure deployment. It concludes that
- Moderate uptake of plug-in vehicles could cause significant challenges for distribution networks if demand from recharging is uncontrolled
- Traditional network reinforcement, by way of substation upgrades and cable reinforcement, is likely to be increasingly inefficient
- Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) will need to move away from the conventional, passive reinforcement approach towards a ‘smart grid’ approach
- Success isalso reliant on effective consumer engagement, the costs of which are challenging to forecast.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project in this area.
This overview summarises the key findings from the work packages (Waste Assessment, Technology Assessment, Technology Performance Monitoring and Assessment, and UK Benefits Case) and recommends the next steps.
To achieve the benefits described, considerable technical development and demonstration is required, particularly around the end-to-end waste to power generation system integration of advanced thermal conversion technologies. The collaborative structure and ability to bring together a range of cross disciplinary skills would uniquely positionthe ETI to enable the successful development and demonstration of an advanced thermal conversion process with integrated gas clean up.
It should be noted that the scope of the Energy from Waste FRP is focused on the generation of heat and power from waste, looking outside this scope the consortium identified a number of additional areas that could add value in the future. These are:
This overview summarises the key findings from the work packages (Waste Assessment, Technology Assessment, Technology Performance Monitoring and Assessment, and UK Benefits Case) and recommends the next steps.
To achieve the benefits described, considerable technical development and demonstration is required, particularly around the end-to-end waste to power generation system integration of advanced thermal conversion technologies. The collaborative structure and ability to bring together a range of cross disciplinary skills would uniquely positionthe ETI to enable the successful development and demonstration of an advanced thermal conversion process with integrated gas clean up.
It should be noted that the scope of the Energy from Waste FRP is focused on the generation of heat and power from waste, looking outside this scope the consortium identified a number of additional areas that could add value in the future. These are:
- Low cost heat networks
- The use of syn-gas generated from EfW technologies to create fuels / chemicals
- The use of pyrolysis to create transport fuels
- The injection of bio-gas and syn-gas from EfW technologies into the gas grid
- The injection of bio-gas and syn-gas from EfW technologies into the gas grid with CCS
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy-bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project
This report is the final deliverable in Work Package 1, and is used as an input into the WP3 (Modelling of System Performance) and WP4 (Benefits Case). The report makes a number of recommendations where further work could be performed, outside the scope of work of the current project
This report is the final deliverable in Work Package 1, and is used as an input into the WP3 (Modelling of System Performance) and WP4 (Benefits Case). The report makes a number of recommendations where further work could be performed, outside the scope of work of the current project
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
This report is the final report in work package 2. It summarises the results from the testing carried out within the project into the Anaerobic Digestion (AD) and thermal processing (pyrolysis and gasification) of selected waste feeds, i.e. competing technologies against which mass incineration should be assessed.
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy-bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project.
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy-bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy-bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Within this programme framework the Energy from Waste project seeks to quantify the opportunity for the use of UK Waste arisings as a fuel to be used in the combined generation of heat and electricity.The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy-bearing. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project.
Author(s): Oakey, J. and Patchigolla, K.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Energy can be recovered from waste through either direct mass burn in a waste-to-energy (W2E) process or through the combustion in an engine or gas turbine of syngas or biogas generated through thermochemical or biochemical treatment (Energy from Waste, EfW). In general, EfW plants offer higher conversion efficiencies and correspondingly improved environmental performance (reduced emissions to atmosphere). However, the composition of the available waste types is derived from a mix of biogenic and fossil sources, making the CO2 emitted a potential problem in the future if it is not treated as fully renewable, and hence avoids carbon taxes. At the current time, the energy from all ?advanced conversion? processes are favoured within UK support measures for the introduction of renewable energy schemes, but this also may not continue in the future.This report provides a preliminary review of the issues surrounding the introduction of carbon capture technologies to EfW plants. If viable, this approach would offer means of eliminating the fossil-derived CO2 emissions, providing ?negative? CO2 emissions through the parallel removal of biomass derived CO2, although the benefits from this are not currently recognized by EU legislation.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The UK generates around 330 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which around 90 million tonnes is energy bearing. Direct emissions from the waste management sector in the UK accounted for 3.2% of the UK?s total estimated GHG emissions in 2009, equivalent to 17.9Mt CO2e. Government legislation seeks to incentivise the diversion of waste from landfill through the existing landfill tax and landfill diversion targets. In parallel the UK is committed to reducing its GHG emissions by 80% by 2050 and supplying 15% of its energy demands from renewable sources by 2020. These drivers lead to a requirement for technology solutions which enable wastes to be used as a cost effective, low carbon and indigenous energy resource for the UK. The Energy from Waste FRP was commissioned to address these requirements and identify potential opportunities for a large scale demonstration project inthis area.
Key findings were:-
Key findings were:-
- Applying forecast values for low to high waste availability and conversion efficiencies, the amount of useful energy from waste (both heat and power) which may be generated ranges from 5 to 230TWhrs.
- Projected achievable electrical generation is approximately 25TWhrs per year
- This equates to between 5% and 8% of the UK?s electricity demand
- For each of the technology and waste arisings scenarios, the deployment of advanced energy from waste technologies is projected to contribute to a net decrease in UK CO2e emissions of between 5 and 10 MTCO2e/year at midpoint technology conversion and waste arisings scenarios
- Greater emissions reductions are associated with high total conversion efficiency technologies, both to electricity and from utilising heat.
Author(s): Hillier, G. and Donegan, S.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Author(s): Lorenzoni, I, ONeill, S, Whitmarsh, L, Otoadese, J, Keay-Bright, S. and John, K
Published: 2008
Publisher: UKERC
The aim of the workshop was to bring together academics and practitioners from different disciplines and backgrounds in order to ultimately inform more effective approaches to public communication of, and engagement with, climate change and energy reduction. The overarching question to be addressed by the workshop was, “What can empirical and theoretical studies of communication and behaviour change tell us about how we might move towards a more ‘climate-friendly’ (low-carbon, climate resilient) society?”. More specifically the workshop objectives were to: share cutting-edge research and practice; foster learning across disciplines and contexts; identify gaps in understanding; form new interdisciplinary contacts and networks; consider and generate new insights; stimulate novel collaborations; provide the contents for a book and a workshop report that would be useful for academics, practitioners and policy-makers. Central to the workshop were three sessions relating to the overarching question: models, messages and media. These sessions involved 10 minute presentations from each of three presenters and a 10 minute response from an invited discussant.
Author(s): Buro Happold
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Heat is the biggest end use of energy in the UK - most of it is used for heating homes and providing hot water. This research project examined the feasibility of capturing large quantities of waste heat from power stations and industrial processes and then storing it underground for later use in homes and offices. It investigated the cost effectiveness and practicalities of storing large quantities of heat for long periods of time to meet a significant proportion of the UK’s winter heat demand. It evaluated the practical limits for this type of storage, the technology development needs and where in the country large-scale heat storage could be most effectively exploited. International consulting engineers Buro Happold completed the research project in 2011
In the UK overall fuel efficiency of electrical generation is limited by the centralised positioning of power stations in relatively isolated locations and the current inability to use low grade heat. Large scale geological heat storage offers the opportunity to make use of this low grade heat whilst providing some of the flexibility and ability to meet peak loads inherent in the natural gas system linked to seasonal heat demand. Currently electricity demand is relatively constant throughout the year whilst heat demand is seasonally led due to dominant space heating requirements during colder periods. Introducing a storage mechanism to seasonally store heat from power stations provides the potential to balance this seasonal mismatch whilst avoiding excessive investment in peak load plant which is only used on a few days per year.
In the UK overall fuel efficiency of electrical generation is limited by the centralised positioning of power stations in relatively isolated locations and the current inability to use low grade heat. Large scale geological heat storage offers the opportunity to make use of this low grade heat whilst providing some of the flexibility and ability to meet peak loads inherent in the natural gas system linked to seasonal heat demand. Currently electricity demand is relatively constant throughout the year whilst heat demand is seasonally led due to dominant space heating requirements during colder periods. Introducing a storage mechanism to seasonally store heat from power stations provides the potential to balance this seasonal mismatch whilst avoiding excessive investment in peak load plant which is only used on a few days per year.
Author(s): Dickinson, J.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Heat is the biggest end use of energy in the UK - most of it is used for heating homes and providing hot water. This research project examined the feasibility of capturing large quantities of waste heat from power stations and industrial processes and then storing it underground for later use in homes and offices. It investigated the cost effectiveness and practicalities of storing large quantities of heat for long periods of time to meet a significant proportion of the UK’s winter heat demand. It evaluated the practical limits for this type of storage, the technology development needs and where in the country large-scale heat storage could be most effectively exploited. International consulting engineers Buro Happold completed the research project in 2011.
This feasibility study assesses the potential for large scale geological heat storage (sometimes termed heat capture and storage) in the UK. The results of the study suggest that large scale geological heat storage is technically feasible, and depending on future energy prices, can be economically viable. The main benefits of such storage lie in the potential to improve thermal efficiency of existing and future power stations (currently around 35-55%) by using their heat output, increasing system efficiency to approximately 80%. By decoupling electricity and heat generation it can provide flexibility to deal with variations insupply and seasonal demand.In the longer term it can provide low or zero carbon heat when climate change targets mean using natural gas is not longer acceptable. Additional benefits include reducing demand on the electricity system by reducing the amount of heat demand switched from natural gas to electrically driven heat pumps.
The report recommends that a pilot study be undertaken for a suggested 25MW aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES)system as close as possible to an existing district heating system in the UK. Possibilities include:
This feasibility study assesses the potential for large scale geological heat storage (sometimes termed heat capture and storage) in the UK. The results of the study suggest that large scale geological heat storage is technically feasible, and depending on future energy prices, can be economically viable. The main benefits of such storage lie in the potential to improve thermal efficiency of existing and future power stations (currently around 35-55%) by using their heat output, increasing system efficiency to approximately 80%. By decoupling electricity and heat generation it can provide flexibility to deal with variations insupply and seasonal demand.In the longer term it can provide low or zero carbon heat when climate change targets mean using natural gas is not longer acceptable. Additional benefits include reducing demand on the electricity system by reducing the amount of heat demand switched from natural gas to electrically driven heat pumps.
The report recommends that a pilot study be undertaken for a suggested 25MW aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES)system as close as possible to an existing district heating system in the UK. Possibilities include:
- Borehole Storage: Southampton, Sheffield, Nottingham, Leicester
- Aquifer Storage: Birmingham, Southampton, Manchester
Author(s): Buro Happold
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Heat is the biggest end use of energy in the UK - most of it is used for heating homes and providing hot water. This research project examined the feasibility of capturing large quantities of waste heat from power stations and industrial processes and then storing it underground for later use in homes and offices. It investigated the cost effectiveness and practicalities of storing large quantities of heat for long periods of time to meet a significant proportion of the UK’s winter heat demand. It evaluated the practical limits for this type of storage, the technology development needs and where in the country large-scale heat storage could be most effectively exploited. International consulting engineers Buro Happold completed the research project in 2011
Author(s): Patterson, J., Story, J. and White, B.
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The aim of this project is to provide an improved understanding of the current activities and trends occurring in the On-Highway Heavy Duty Vehicle arena. Future technologies and legislation are being assessed to further enhance the our knowledge of the existing market and anticipated future market state.
- Demand for On Highway Heavy Duty Vehicles will grow from 3.34m vehicles in 2015 to 4.24m vehicles in 2030 (in the 6 large markets studied).
- The majority of this growth will be in the >7.5 ton vehicle sector, as the Chinese and Indian road transportation markets mature from an “owner operator” model towards a “fleet operator” model. The increase in vehicle weight will increase demand for larger displacement engines (>6 litres) and also encourage further uptake of Automatic Manual Transmissions (AMT) at the expense of manual transmissions.
- Diesel will remain as the dominant fuel type for HDVs with ~85% HDVs powered by Diesel Internal Combustion Engines in 2030.
- It is expected that City Buses will have greater levels of hybridisation and there will be a variety of technical solutions for City Buses, including fully electric, as inner city air quality concerns and legislation increases.
- Emissions legislation will continue to develop in the various regions, with increasing harmonisation between the standards. There is a trend towards increasing number of regulated pollutants, over a larger number of tests and an increased duration (life) that the vehicle must meet the targets. Some regions are beginning to use CO2 / fuel efficiency regulations and it is expected that this trend will spread to other regions over time
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
Offshore Wind has huge potential to reduce carbon emissions and create economic prosperity, as well as increasing energy security of supply. For this potential to be unlocked, significant challenges that need to be overcome:
The Helm Wind project carried out an unconstrained investigation into the concepts and technologies required to deliver significant cost of energy reductions for offshore wind. This included rotor diameter, geometry and speed,number of blades, upwind and downwind orientations, drivetrain options and support structures. Led by E.ON, the consortium also included BP, Rolls-Royce and the University of Strathclyde.
Key findings:
- Electricity costs need to be competitive with current (2010) onshore wind costs by 2020 and with conventional generation by 2050,
- Increased yields: annual offshore farm availability to be increased to 97%-98% or better,
- Reduce technical uncertainties to allow farms to be financed in a manner, and at costs, equivalent to onshore wind today.
The Helm Wind project carried out an unconstrained investigation into the concepts and technologies required to deliver significant cost of energy reductions for offshore wind. This included rotor diameter, geometry and speed,number of blades, upwind and downwind orientations, drivetrain options and support structures. Led by E.ON, the consortium also included BP, Rolls-Royce and the University of Strathclyde.
Key findings:
- The consortium indentified that sufficient improvements could be made through technology innovation to deliver energy costs that are comparable with current (2010) onshore wind costs: one of ETI’s objectives for this programme.
- This involves innovation in rotor aerodynamics, rotor diameter, drive train technologies and electrical systems.
- The consortium also indentified that theoptimum turbine size for offshore is significantly larger than the current ‘state of the art’.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2014
Publisher: ETI
The ETI’s energy system modelling shows that flexible power generation systems comprising hydrogen generation with CCS, intermediate storage (particularly using salt caverns) and flexible turbines are attractive options for the UK. In the model described here, hydrogen is supplied from coal and biomass fired gasifiers and steam methane reformers, with CO2 captured for storage. This permits the use at high load of capital intensive and relatively inflexible conversion and CCS equipment, filling hydrogen storage when power is not needed, and releasing hydrogen at short notice through turbines when power is at a premium
Author(s): Foster Wheeler
Published: 2014
Publisher: ETI
The ETI’s energy system modelling shows that flexible power generation systems comprising hydrogen generation with CCS, intermediate storage (particularly using salt caverns) and flexible turbines are attractive options for the UK. In the model described here, hydrogen is supplied from coal and biomass fired gasifiers and steam methane reformers, with CO2 captured for storage. This permits the use at high load of capital intensive and relatively inflexible conversion and CCS equipment, filling hydrogen storage when power is not needed, and releasing hydrogen at short notice through turbines when power is at a premium.
This executive summary covers the objectives and main findings of the five work packages, and suggests the next steps.
This executive summary covers the objectives and main findings of the five work packages, and suggests the next steps.
Author(s): Gkogka, A. and Cooke, H.
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
This project assessed the potential impact of selected, identified innovations on specific types of network (relating to heat, gas, electricity and hydrogen). Generic modelled networks will be developed utilising the 2050 Energy Infrastructure Cost Calculator model developed by a separate ETI project to understand the expected costs of certain types of network. The modelled networks will provide ‘business as usual data’ and a useful basis for further understanding of the impact of identified innovations in terms of overall cost and network performance.
This report considers electricity. Key points are:-
This report considers electricity. Key points are:-
- Representative electricity transmission network model: Electricity networks modelled for 275kV and 400 kV network capacity
- The increase in the costs is proportional to the increase in the network length for the same network capacity and installation date.
- For the same installation date, NPV total per km is higher for the higher capacity network.
- Representative Electricity Distribution Model: Electricity network modelled in rural, semi-urban, urban and London context
- The share of costs represented by each of the Assemblies changes slightly from 2020 to 2040, following the same trend in all contexts, except for London.
- Residential connections represent one of the highest costs in all contexts.
- The LV network makes a high contribution to total cost in the urban context while in London the LV substations make the highest contribution.
- First costs per capita increase as the context changes from rural through to urban areas.
- First costs per capita decrease slightly from urban to London contexts.
- The NPVs per capita increase as the density increases.
- One additional factor that influences costs in different contexts is their different lifecycle profiles.
- Generic upgrade costs at transmission scale: upgrading existing 275kV and 400kV lines to increase capacity by ~100%
- For the same installation date, Capex NPV per km is higher for the installation of a higher voltage network.
- Opex NPV per km is higher for higher voltages
- Rapid car charging: upgrading existing distribution networks to allow for connection of rapid car charging units
- Costs for the upgrade of the distribution network are dominant in all variations and contexts.
- For the same number of connection points at the same installation date the installation of rapid charge connections is more costly in the semi-urban context.
- he first costs and NPV per connection fall as the number of connections increases, which indicates that it is more cost effective to install a group of charging points than isolated single charging points.
- Rapid car charging: impact of network reinforcement that could be required due to significant increase in electric vehicles in a residential context (semi-urban and urban)
- The analysis is based on the assumption that there is a 50% increase in peak load due to a significant increase in the use of EVs.
- The LV network represents the highest share of reinforcement costs in all contexts, with costs per capita being higher in urban areas than semi-urban areas.
- Storage v reinforcement: analysis to explore the costs of storage compared with conventional reinforcement in three different applications –increase in local demand; distributed energy exporting to grid; installation of rapid car charging units
- The analysis suggests that considering current prices for electricity storage,l reinforcement is cheaper both in terms of Capex and Opex.
- Car charging: local generation may improve the potential for storage if the existing OHL has limited potential to charge batteries during periods of low demand.
- Fault Current Limiter v Reinforcement
- Conventional reinforcement is currently more cost effective than refurbishment of the substation with the installation of the FCL
- Power electronics: assessing the costs of using power electronics using STATCOMS for rural windfarms with utility scale battery storage
- STATCOMs: the costs of the complementary utility scale battery dominate.
- The impact of the utility scale battery on the costs of the project increases at the later installation date
- Power electronics: assessing the costs of using power electronics using back-to-back HVDC connection for coupling DNO networks
- The costs of the back-to-back converter dominate
- Cost comparison of up grading HVAC vs installing new HVDC at transmission level in rural areas–within an existing wayleave and in a new wayleave
- One of the main differences between HVDC and HVAC is intransmission losses.
- There is significant uncertainty with the planning consent process for installing new or refurbishing existing HVDC OHLs in the UK
Author(s): Romero, P. and Cooke, H.
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
This study brings together two strands of work within the ETI focused on understanding the cost and performance of energy infrastructure in the UK. On the one hand, the research projects undertaken by various teams looking at specific scenarios and innovations, and on the other, the Infrastructure Cost Calculator (ICC – formerly referred to as the Energy Infrastructure Outlook 2050 Cost Tool), an analysis tool based on an extensive database of energy infrastructure costs.
The research questions addressed can be divided into two broad categories:
The research questions addressed can be divided into two broad categories:
- Firstly, questions around the configuration and cost of representative (or ‘generic’) networks applicable to particular situations.
- Secondly, questions around the potential impact of selected, identified innovations on specific types of network.
Author(s): Gkogka, A. and Cooke, H.
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
This project assessed the potential impact of selected, identified innovations on specific types of network (relating to heat, gas, electricity and hydrogen). Generic modelled networks will be developed utilising the 2050 Energy Infrastructure Cost Calculator model developed by a separate ETI project to understand the expected costs of certain types of network. The modelled networks will provide ‘business as usual data’ and a useful basis for further understanding of the impact of identified innovations in terms of overall cost and network performance.
This report considers Gas. Key findings are:-
This report considers Gas. Key findings are:-
- Representative Gas Distribution Model: connecting networks to transport sitesat different capacities for different network lengths, in rural, semi-urban, urban and London contexts
- Context is a strong influencer of costs, with costs increasing from rural through to urban and London. .
- Pipe costs dominate the overall network cost, particularly for the longer network lengths.
- Pipe capacity and hence size has some influence over cost at the longer network lengths where pipe costs are the most significant element.
- Normalised costs (ie costs per km) fall with increasing network length.
- Generic decommissioning costs (transmission), 100km length at different capacities / pipe sizes, rural context
- Decommissioning costs are of the order of £90k/km.
- Decommissioning of the pipework comprises around 80%-85% of cost, with the remaining 15%-20% relating to decommissioning the conversion station.
- Pipe size has a minimal impact on cost.
- Generic decommissioning costs (distribution)for different contexts and populations
- Decommissioning costs range from around £250k/km in London down to £60k/km in rural areas.
- The relative importance of the different Assemblies in terms of share of cost varies with context: decommissioning the LP network represents the largest share of cost in rural areas (60%) and decommissioning domestic connections represents the largest share of cost in London areas (58%)
- Generic operational costs associated withremaining part of apartially decommissioned network (distribution)
- In each context, reduction in Opex with increasing decommissioning is linear.
- Direct costs represent approximately 80% of the overall Opex for gas distribution infrastructure
- Decommissioning (abandonment) costs make up a small share of overall cost
- After partial decommissioning, NPV of the partially decommissioned network per connection served increases as the percentage of network decommissioned rises.
- Gas transmission network: repurposing to hydrogen for different network lengths in a rural context
- Overall the innovation of repurposing existing natural gas transmission networks to carry hydrogen is roughly half the cost of abandoning those same networks and building hydrogen pipelines from scratch
- Gas transmission network: repurposing to carbon dioxide for single network length in rural
- The task compared repurposing existing gas transmission pipelines to carry gas phase CO2 compared with building new transmission pipelines to carry dense phase CO2.
- Although operational conditions of pressure and and semi-urban contexts were different, they maintain the same CO2 capacity flow
- Both first costs and NPV are higher for new build than for repurposing.
- All costs are higher in a semi-urban context than a rural one
- Natural gas conversion: installation of Biomethane to Grid injection points with different network lengths and capacities in rural and urban contexts
- The cost of installing Biomethane to Grid plant is higher in urban areas than in less dense rural ones
- Normalised costs per km fall with increasing network length
- Normalised costs per m3 gas decrease with increasing gas injection capacities
Author(s): Romero, P. and Cooke, H.
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
This project assessed the potential impact of selected, identified innovations on specific types of network (relating to heat, gas, electricity and hydrogen). Generic modelled networks will be developed utilising the 2050 Energy Infrastructure Cost Calculator model developed by a separate ETI project to understand the expected costs of certain types of network. The modelled networks will provide ‘business as usual data’ and a useful basis for further understanding of the impact of identified innovations in terms of overall cost and network performance.
This report considers hydrogen.. The work undertaken here made use of the first version of the ICC and as such also acted as a testing phase. Some issues arose in relation to the output of the tool particularly in respect of the treatment of operational and lifecycle costs. These findings are being fed into aparallel project to develop a second version.
Key Findings:
This report considers hydrogen.. The work undertaken here made use of the first version of the ICC and as such also acted as a testing phase. Some issues arose in relation to the output of the tool particularly in respect of the treatment of operational and lifecycle costs. These findings are being fed into aparallel project to develop a second version.
Key Findings:
- Representative hydrogen transmission model: transmission pipeline of different lengths required to transport hydrogen from production facilities to power generation sites and vehicle refuelling sites
- Pipe lengths (NTS 32”) modelled for connection to production sites were 5km and 10km without the need for a compression station; pipe lengths (LTS 16”) for connection to refuelling sites were modelled at longer distances up to 200km, with a compression station required for anything over 100km
- NPV/km for connecting to power stations was £5.4m for installation in 2025
- NPV/km for connections to refuelling sites was in the range £3.0m to £3.5m depending on network length with the higher cost relating to the need to add in a compression station
- The additionalcost of the power station scenario was due to the need to use larger diameter and hence more expensive pipe
- Representative hydrogen distribution model: distribution pipelines (LP/MP) required to connect production facilities to vehicle refuelling stations at different capacities and contexts
- Context is a strong influencer of costs, with first costs per km increasing from rural through to urban and London. This is due to the higher costs of installing pipework in more congested areas.
- Pipe costs dominate the overall network cost, particularly for the longer network lengths.
- There is a small increase in cost per km for the higher capacity scenarios
- Hydrogen transmission and the impact of including storage:
- Connecting a single large storage site into the network is considerably less expensive than connecting multiple storage sites of the same capacity
- As the pipe lengths modelled were relatively short (5-10km) the storage costs dominated the overall project cost
- Costs per mcm are considerably higher for the multi-storage option
- The main benefit of the storage options is the storage itself and not the first cost savings associated with it.
- Hydrogen transmission network and the impact of pipeline material change: comparison of stainless steel 316L pipe with conventional steel using same pipe diameter (32” NTS)
- First costs per km are higher for the stainless steel innovation
- There is a slight reduction in cost/km for the longer stainless steel pipe lengths
Author(s): Darkin, B. with Neuhoff, K, Krey, M. and Gassan Zade, O
Published: 2006
Publisher: UKERC
UKERC hosted an international workshop in Oxford on 30-31 March to discuss the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The objective of the workshop was to determine whether and how Kyoto countries intend to deliver their Kyoto targets.
40 participants from Government, business, academia, think-tanks and nongovernmental organisations attended the workshop from 16 countries including several European Member States, Russia, Japan, Canada and Ukraine.
Author(s): Buro Happold
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The Infrastructure Cost Calculator is a network transition costing tool. It uses a robust, centrally stored database to enable the calculation and comparison of transition costs across the four main energy vectors: electricity, gas, heat and hydrogen. Users can defi ne and compare different scenarios to understand long term investments for a UK transition to a low carbon energy network.
The calculator uses data on the costs and performance associated with fi xed energy infrastructure.The user is able to defi ne and compare infrastructure options associated with a variety of energy generation and demand scenarios across different timescales.The calculator allows the user to compare capital and operating costs, identifying areas of high cost and providing analysis to understand the impact of a wide range of variables; including cost trends, location and start time. The cost ofnew infrastructure or refurbishing, re-purposing and abandoning existing network infrastructure across any scale or level of complexity can be carried out using a clean user friendly interface
The calculator uses data on the costs and performance associated with fi xed energy infrastructure.The user is able to defi ne and compare infrastructure options associated with a variety of energy generation and demand scenarios across different timescales.The calculator allows the user to compare capital and operating costs, identifying areas of high cost and providing analysis to understand the impact of a wide range of variables; including cost trends, location and start time. The cost ofnew infrastructure or refurbishing, re-purposing and abandoning existing network infrastructure across any scale or level of complexity can be carried out using a clean user friendly interface
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Effective, but practical and economic, monitoring of CO2 storage sites is a critical part of ensuring that CO2 is safely stored, legislative requirements are met and public confidence in CCS is gained and maintained. A large amount of work is going on in the area worldwide, with experience being gained through a series of CO2 injection projects both onshore and offshore. The ETI identified development of Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) tools to meet UK requirements as a key focus area for its CCS Programme, and undertook this Flexible Research Programme (FRP) Project to identify UK needs and priorities for technology development.
This is the executive summary of the final report.
This is the executive summary of the final report.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the Distributed Energy (DE) Programme is to increase the up-take of DE through the development of integrated systems in order to reduce through-life costs, improve ease of installation and increase efficiency in the combined generation of heat and electricity. Energy consumption within buildings represents the largest single category of final energy use in the UK, with UK residential buildings accounting for ~27% of the UK energy production, ~26% of CO2 emissions and 23% of GHG emissions. 82% of the energy consumed within UK domestic buildings is for space heating and hot water production. The “Micro DE” FRP (a scoping and feasibility study) was commissioned to understand the range of opportunities to positively impact on energy consumption / CO2 reduction through technology development and demonstration of building control systems in combination with micro-generation/storage technologies. The project is a feasibility study, with a core element to help shape the benefits case for a much larger project / field trial.
The agreed objectives of the project were to deliver the following outputs:
The agreed objectives of the project were to deliver the following outputs:
- Evaluation of the potential benefits of current and emerging DE technologies inexisting domestic buildings
- Categorisation of
- The stock of existing domestic UK buildings
- Building occupants into groups of similar energy use behaviours
- The main appliance types (energy use patterns, control strategies, etc)
- Evaluation of the platform technologies and standards likely to be used in developingbuilding control systems
- Analysis of the potential benefits of building energy service controls
- Provisional model of existing UK domestic housing stock as the basis for predictingμDE impact out to 2030
- Identification of development and demonstration opportunities (including an outline ofhow to test these in an appropriate environment)
Author(s): Preston-Barnes, H. and Patterson, M.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The Micro DE project was a scoping and feasibility study to identify opportunities for micro-generation storage and control technology development at an individual dwelling level in the UK. The study investigated the potential for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions through Distributed Energy (DE) technologies. This was achieved through the development of a segmented model of the UK housing stock supplemented with detailed, real-time supply and demand energy-usage gathered from field trials of micro distributed generation and storage technology in conjunction with building control systems. The outputs of this project now feed into the Smart Systems and Heat programme.
This deliverable is number 6 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report provides a proposal for the design and execution of a large scale field trial of micro DE technologies based on learnings fromthe execution of the Micro DE Flexible Research Project.
It should be noted that field trial proposed at the start of the FRP has now been integrated into the ETI Smart Systems project and as such the plan proposed here is unlikely to be executed in its current guise.
This deliverable is number 6 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report provides a proposal for the design and execution of a large scale field trial of micro DE technologies based on learnings fromthe execution of the Micro DE Flexible Research Project.
It should be noted that field trial proposed at the start of the FRP has now been integrated into the ETI Smart Systems project and as such the plan proposed here is unlikely to be executed in its current guise.
Author(s): Patterson, M., Preston-Barnes, H. and Oreszczyn. T,
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The Micro DE project was a scoping and feasibility study to identify opportunities for micro-generation storage and control technology development at an individual dwelling level in the UK. The study investigated the potential for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions through Distributed Energy (DE) technologies. This was achieved through the development of a segmented model of the UK housing stock supplemented with detailed, real-time supply and demand energy-usage gathered from field trials of micro distributed generation and storage technology in conjunction with building control systems. The outputs of this project now feed into the Smart Systems and Heat programme.
This deliverable is number 7 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report is intended to act as a high level record of the activities carried out within the project and to summarise the key findingsfrom the project. The key findings are:
This deliverable is number 7 of 7 in Work Package 3. The report is intended to act as a high level record of the activities carried out within the project and to summarise the key findingsfrom the project. The key findings are:
- DE equipment, as installed, does not reach the full potential of its laboratory promise
- Buildings Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are required to maximise the efficiency of both existing heating systems and micro DE systems
- Energy storage is essential to maximise use of generated energy within the home and reduce use of supplemental energy
Author(s): Zimmermann, A., Styles, M.T., Lacinska, A.M., Zemskova, S., Sanna, A., Hall, M., Verduyn, M., Songok, J. and Zevenhoven, R.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
The current prime path solution for large-scale energy-intensive processes emitting >1Mt CO2 per year is geologic sequestration. Geologic sequestration is a less economically viable option for smaller lone emitters, who are located remotely from geological storage sites, due to the high CO2 handling and transportation costs. There are currently no commercialized processes that specifically address this technology gap. Carbon capture and sequestration by mineralization has been demonstrated in various forms on laboratory and pilot scales, with CO2 capture efficiencies of up to 90% using naturally occurring minerals high in magnesium, such as serpentine. The UK reserve of readily accessible serpentine is 2-10Gt, 2-10 times the amount required to sequester 2% of UK CO2 emissions for 100 years. These reserves are typicallylocated within 2km of the coast, enabling cost-effective mass transport via ship to small and medium power stations and industrial emitters that are located in close proximity to the coast. The emissions from the (75) UK industrial emitters (<1.0Mt CO2) totals 24Mt CO2, and roughly, half of those are coastally located. Implementing CCSM at those coastal sites will meet the project target of capturing 11Mt CO2/year. The cost of CCSM ranges from £85-254/tonne CO2 avoided operating costs, with potential opportunity to decrease cost by £30/tonne or more by direct flue gas capture, process optimisation, and system integration at each site. To achieve this goal further experimentation is required to validate suitability of UK rock resources, direct CO2 capture from flue gas on UK minerals, optimization of CCSM process fundamentals and system integration at each site. CCSM has the potential to become an economically viable alternative to capture and store CO2 from small and medium emitters.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
This Network Capacity project was commissioned to: assess the feasibility of using new technologies to enable the installation of significantly increased levels of renewable energy sources in the UK and provide recommendations identifying possible technology development intervention opportunities derived from the analysis. The technologies considered in the project included: a range of power electronic based conversion systems and active network management techniques, reactive power compensation technologies, multi-terminal HVDC systems, and the feasibility of incorporating multi-terminal HVDC into the existing UK electricity network.
High level findings:
High level findings:
- There are a number of important issues in the onshore grid system that is a function of the grid network, rather than the technologies themselves.
- New wide band-gap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) andgallium nitride have the potential to deliver increased power electronic device voltage ratings, reduced switching losses, and raised operating temperatures. This has the potential for significant impact on the cost and performance of power electronic converters.
- The deployment of TCSCs on selected transmission corridors in the UK may improve the grid system’s ability to recover to stable operation following selected (unplanned) double circuit outages.
- In some circumstances, HVDC transmission can provide benefits by enabling long distance power transmission, eliminating reactive power flows from long HVAC cable circuits and enabling asynchronous system connections.
- The conversion of selected transmission corridors from AC to HVDC may improve the grid system’s ability to recover to stable operation following selected (unplanned) double circuit outages
- Multi-terminal HVDC (necessary for embedding DC interconnectors in a meshed system) is feasible with both LCC and VSC technologies.
- For a given transmission tower (‘pylon’) size significantly more power can be transmitted on a DC circuit than on an AC circuit (typically two to three times).
- There appears to be no benefit case for converting individual transmission lines in the UK Grid to HVDC to gain additional transmission capacity
- A total of 26 specific technology opportunity areas were identified by the project consortium as worth further examination by the ETI.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Given the required speed of roll-out, cost and complexity of the future CCS infrastructure in the UK, modelling will play a crucial role in ensuring a practical, cost effective and robust network of assets. Modelling can potentially support decisions at a range of business levels, from strategic planning through to plant & system operation and maintenance. Through detailed strategic analysis and stakeholder engagement, the ETI has identified that a need exists to develop a Modelling Tool-Kit for partial (but full-chain) CCS systems to develop understanding of and support business decisions around the design, operation and maintenance of assets (eg power stations, compressor stations) within a future CCS system. In order to define the requirements for such a Modelling Tool-Kit, the ETI commissioned a short FRP Project, led by E4tech and supported by Process System Enterprises (PSE) and Amec. The project made recommendations on the functionality of the component & whole system models and the modelling environment within which such models would be developed. Based on the project’s recommendations, the ETI launched a Request for Proposals for a full project to develop a Modelling Tool-Kit in October 2010.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
Given the required speed of roll-out, cost and complexity of the future CCS infrastructure in the UK, modelling will play a crucial role in ensuring a practical, cost effective and robust network of assets. Modelling can potentially support decisions at a range of business levels, from strategic planning through to plant & system operation and maintenance. Through detailed strategic analysis and stakeholder engagement, the ETI has identified that a need exists to develop a Modelling Tool-Kit for partial (but full-chain) CCS systems to develop understanding of and support business decisions around the design, operation and maintenance of assets (eg power stations, compressor stations) within a future CCS system.
Author(s): Knowling, P.
Published: 2014
Publisher: ETI
The Performance Assessment of Wave and Tidal Array Systems (PerAWaT) project, launched in October 2009 with £8m of ETI investment. The project delivered validated, commercial software tools capable of significantly reducing the levels of uncertainty associated with predicting the energy yield of major wave and tidal stream energy arrays. It also produced information that will help reduce commercial risk of future large scale wave and tidal array developments.
This Final Summary Report is the final publishable report of the Performance Assessment of Wave and Tidal Array Systems Project (PerAWaT). It provides an overview of the background and structure of the project, and summarises its results, conclusions and the environmental impact.
Technical Conclusions
This Final Summary Report is the final publishable report of the Performance Assessment of Wave and Tidal Array Systems Project (PerAWaT). It provides an overview of the background and structure of the project, and summarises its results, conclusions and the environmental impact.
Technical Conclusions
- Hydrodynamic interactions between WECs and TECs operating in arrays can be significant thereforemodelling of array effects is essential when estimating the energy yield of potential project.
- Wave tank testing of WEC arrays is extremely demanding and needs to be carefully planned and analysed. In particular the effects of reflections can be of the same order as effects of the interactions you are trying to measure. Despite the challenges, it is possible to measure significant interactions in the tank.
- Linear potential flow theory (used in WaveDyn) is sufficient to accurately model device interactions. Weakly non-linear wave kinematics (non-breaking) do not have a significant influence on device response and performance for operational conditions.
- The spectral approach in WaveFarmer is capable of accurately predicting energy yield for a large wave farm.
- Model-scale & full-scale validation of WaveDyn has been invaluable as has model scale validation of WaveFarmer. However, full-scale validation of WaveFarmer will be essential when data becomes available.
- The mean performance of a tidal device can be predicted usinga Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model, however, more work is required in order to `correct’ this type of model so as to accurately capture wake recovery.
- Basin scale modelling using linear momentum actuator disc theory (LMADT) for one row of devices was successful. The limitations of the model are well understood, and the upper limit of energy extraction compares well to analytical methods. However, 3D models such as TidalFarmer are required for detailed assessment of annual energy production
- .Whilst progress has been made on the analysis of blockage effects of arrays and devices, further work is required to fully understand and model the flow reduction through the array.
- The launch of WaveFarmer & TidalFarmer is only the first step in increasing project developers’ confidence in their return on investment in WEC & TEC arrays.
- Effective commercial exploitation will be required to stimulate use of the tools.
- The resulting data generated by full scale deployments will enable further development of the tools and the reduction of uncertainty.
- The reduction of uncertainty could be accelerated by investment in trials to generate full scale data for validation
Author(s): Atkins
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
The aim of the Power Plant Siting Study project is to explore the different opportunities and constraints involved in developing sites in England and Wales for new low carbon power plants. The study will considers new nuclear as well as fossil fueled power stations using carbon capture and storage technologies. The study is important to understand the different features which could either make a potential site suitable or, alternatively, prevent its viability. This study is intended to inform whether there is likely to be competition for development sites between low carbon technologies, which could be a future constraint in the low carbon replacement of the UK’s ageing power plants. It will help inform the ETI’s technology strategy development work, which is looking at how to accelerate the development of new energy technologies for a UK transition to a low carbon economy.
The project explored siting criteria and siting constraints against the nuclear expansion scenarios. It also identified and considered opportunities to enable the inclusion of additional sites should the expansion scenarios be constrained. There were seven objectives of the project which were addressed through the baseline assessment of a long list of sites (which considered their suitability for twin 1,650 MWe units with direct cooling), a set of six sensitivity analyses and two other studies. This deliverable provides a summary of the key project findings
The project explored siting criteria and siting constraints against the nuclear expansion scenarios. It also identified and considered opportunities to enable the inclusion of additional sites should the expansion scenarios be constrained. There were seven objectives of the project which were addressed through the baseline assessment of a long list of sites (which considered their suitability for twin 1,650 MWe units with direct cooling), a set of six sensitivity analyses and two other studies. This deliverable provides a summary of the key project findings
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2014
Publisher: ETI
One of the key developments of the marine energy industry in the UK is the demonstration of near commercial scale devices in real sea conditions and the collection of performance and environmental data to inform permitting and licensing processes. The ETI’s ReDAPT (Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal) project saw an innovative 1MW buoyant tidal generator installed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney in January 2013. The project demonstrated the performance of the tidal generator in different operational conditions, aiming to increase public and industry confidence in tidal turbine technologies by providing a wide range of environmental impact and performance information, as well as demonstrating a new, reliable turbine design
This is a single page with the Key Findings of the Falls of Warness 3D Model Validation Report
This is a single page with the Key Findings of the Falls of Warness 3D Model Validation Report
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
One of the key developments of the marine energy industry in the UK is the demonstration of near commercial scale devices in real sea conditions and the collection of performance and environmental data to inform permitting and licensing processes. The ETI’s ReDAPT (Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal) project saw an innovative 1MW buoyant tidal generator installed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney in January 2013. The project demonstrated the performance of the tidal generator in different operational conditions, aiming to increase public and industry confidence in tidal turbine technologies by providing a wide range of environmental impact and performance information, as well as demonstrating a new, reliable turbine design
A list of achievements from the Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal (ReDAPT) Project.
A list of achievements from the Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal (ReDAPT) Project.
Author(s): Decision Analysis Services Ltd
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The purpose of this SMR Deployment Enablers Project is to determine in support of potential SMR deployment in the UK:
This report summarises the wider study commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) to understand the opportunities for the deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) as part of the transition towards a UK low carbon energy system. This wider study has considered key factors such as siting criteria and the potential locations for early SMR deployment in the UK; and the development characteristics, timescales, operational performance and cost envelope for SMRs to be an attractive technology. Building on the findings from this earlier work, the SMR Deployment Enablers (SDE) Project identifies the enabling activities that would be necessary in the first five years of a programme to support potential operations of a first UK SMR by 2030.
The following conclusions are reached:
- the activities comprising the first five years of a development programme for the UK deployment of a Small Modular Reactor
- a timeline with milestones to accompany this programme definition
- the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase of a UK SMR development programme
This report summarises the wider study commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) to understand the opportunities for the deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) as part of the transition towards a UK low carbon energy system. This wider study has considered key factors such as siting criteria and the potential locations for early SMR deployment in the UK; and the development characteristics, timescales, operational performance and cost envelope for SMRs to be an attractive technology. Building on the findings from this earlier work, the SMR Deployment Enablers (SDE) Project identifies the enabling activities that would be necessary in the first five years of a programme to support potential operations of a first UK SMR by 2030.
The following conclusions are reached:
- Implementation of an First OfA Kind (FOAK) SMR is possible without facilitative action by Government
- Pre-FID investor confidence is of critical importance for achieving the 2030 timeline
- For an effective programme to achieve FOAK SMR deployment, significant Governmentcommitment and facilitative action is required from the outset
- It is insufficient for the first 5 years of the deployment schedule to focus on just GDAand RegulatoryJustification
- A strong and early marriage is required between developer / operator and vendor
- The notion of a developer / operator / vendor ‘boot camp’ is proposed as a near-term risk mitigation activity li>Deployment of a FOAK SMR in the UK is achievable by 2030underthe bounding scenario considered by this study
- The scale of the recruitment challenge to establish a Nuclear Baseline should not be underestimated, with staged planning essential
- Regulators will need tobe able to resource-up without adverse influence on current UK nuclear safety activity
- A co-ordinated public communications plan is required, led by the prospective Licensee, supported by the vendor and facilitated by Government
- Bounding assumptions were judged to be sound in the context of a deployment schedule leading to a UK FOAK SMR operating by 2030
- The evidence gathered forms the basis of a toolkit which could be used to test or assess the feasibility of specific scenarios for SMR Deployment in the UK
The schedule for UK FOAK deployment operations would depend upon the associated assumptions. Such options may include:
- A risk-averse deployment plan which focusses on completion of GDA and Regulatory Justification to establish a credible design before commencing work on site specific aspects and developing a credible nuclear operator. This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
- A deployment plan for a less technology/design ready SMR. GDA would not commence until later in the schedule with possible plans to complete manufacturing and construction in a shorter timeframe.This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
- Assessment of developer / operators with different characteristics and different working arrangements and modes of engagement with the vendor. For example,a developer with a mature and capable licensee organisation which may suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule.
- FOAK deployment at a site identified as potentially suitable for nuclear development in the Nuclear NPS.This may again suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule
Author(s): Decision Analysis Services Ltd
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The purpose of this SMR Deployment Enablers Project is to determine in support of potential SMR deployment in the UK:
This report summarises the wider study commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) to understand the opportunities for the deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) as part of the transitiontowards a UK low carbon energy system. This wider study has considered key factors such as siting criteria and the potential locations for early SMR deployment in the UK; and the development characteristics, timescales, operational performance and cost envelope for SMRs to be an attractive technology. Building on the findings from this earlier work, the SMR Deployment Enablers (SDE) Project identifies the enabling activities that would be necessary in the first five years of a programme to support potential operations of a first UK SMR by 2030.
The following conclusions are reached:
- the activities comprising the first five years of a development programme for the UK deployment of a Small Modular Reactor
- a timeline with milestones to accompany this programme definition
- the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase of a UK SMR development programme
This report summarises the wider study commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) to understand the opportunities for the deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) as part of the transitiontowards a UK low carbon energy system. This wider study has considered key factors such as siting criteria and the potential locations for early SMR deployment in the UK; and the development characteristics, timescales, operational performance and cost envelope for SMRs to be an attractive technology. Building on the findings from this earlier work, the SMR Deployment Enablers (SDE) Project identifies the enabling activities that would be necessary in the first five years of a programme to support potential operations of a first UK SMR by 2030.
The following conclusions are reached:
- Implementation of an First OfA Kind (FOAK) SMR is possible without facilitative action by Government
- Pre-FID investor confidence is of critical importance for achieving the 2030 timeline
- For an effective programme to achieve FOAK SMR deployment, significant Governmentcommitment and facilitative action is required from the outset
- It is insufficient for the first 5 years of the deployment schedule to focus on just GDAand RegulatoryJustification
- A strong and early marriage is required between developer / operator and vendor
- The notion of a developer / operator / vendor ‘boot camp’ is proposed as a near-term risk mitigation activity li>Deployment of a FOAK SMR in the UK is achievable by 2030underthe bounding scenario considered by this study
- The scale of the recruitment challenge to establish a Nuclear Baseline should not be underestimated, with staged planning essential
- Regulators will need tobe able to resource-up without adverse influence on current UK nuclear safety activity
- A co-ordinated public communications plan is required, led by the prospective Licensee, supported by the vendor and facilitated by Government
- Bounding assumptions were judged to be sound in the context of a deployment schedule leading to a UK FOAK SMR operating by 2030
- The evidence gathered forms the basis of a toolkit which could be used to test or assess the feasibility of specific scenarios for SMR Deployment in the UK
- A risk-averse deployment plan which focusses on completion of GDA and Regulatory Justification to establish a credible design before commencing work on site specific aspects and developing a credible nuclear operator. This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
- A deployment plan for a less technology/design ready SMR. GDA would not commence until later in the schedule with possible plans to complete manufacturing and construction in a shorter timeframe.This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
- Assessment of developer / operators with different characteristics and different working arrangements and modes of engagement with the vendor. For example,a developer with a mature and capable licensee organisation which may suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule.
- FOAK deployment at a site identified as potentially suitable for nuclear development in the Nuclear NPS.This may again suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule
Author(s): Decision Analysis Services Ltd
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The purpose of the SMR Deployment Enablers project was to identify the activities needed to take place in the first five years of a development plan for UK SMRs and the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase. Selection processes are out of scope so the starting assumption for the project is that both the SMR utility/developer and reactor vendor have already been identified.
This report presents a timetline of the activities needed to take place in the first five years of a development plan for UK SMRs, and the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase. Selection processes are out of scope so the starting assumption for the project is that both the SMR utility/developer and reactor vendor have already been identified.
This report presents a timetline of the activities needed to take place in the first five years of a development plan for UK SMRs, and the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase. Selection processes are out of scope so the starting assumption for the project is that both the SMR utility/developer and reactor vendor have already been identified.
Author(s): Slowe, J.
Published: 2013
Publisher: ETI
This is the Final Report of the ETI project by Delta Energy & Environment to Review International Smart Systems and Heat Initiatives. This follows an initial piece of research undertaken by the ETI in 2011 examining this question. The work is intended to provide a digestible overview which links to the driving policies where appropriate, and complements a review undertaken during the scoping phase of the programme. The report:
- Examines initiatives (with a clear focus on heat), successes and lessons learned; their outcomes / next steps; and possible learnings for the UK
- Identifies the policies driving these initiatives
- Identifies who’s involved and why
- Recommended countries where there are many learnings for the ETI are Denmark and the Netherlands– heat pumps, market structures, district heating, and exploiting synergies between electric and gas networks.
- Specific projects / areas for investigation in these countries are pointed out
- Consider customer recruitment for trials at a very early stage and place the customer proposition at the heart of project design
- The ETI may be able to utilise platforms / hardware / software that has already been developed for other projects
- We see an absence, generally, of how gas, electricity and heat networks can work together, but some projects integrating two networks into a wider system. We believe this is a critically important aspect of a ‘smart heat system’
- Business models and market frameworks that the ETI could utilise
- Examples of highly relevant purely private sector innovations
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the CCS UK Storage Appraisal Project was to provide a fully auditable and defensible overall estimate of UK CO2 storage capacity in offshore geological formations. Emitters committing to major capital investment as major CCS roll out occurs in the 2020s will require confidence in the availability of sufficient, suitable storage sites to accept the emissions over the project lifetime. Total UK capacity requirement is expected to be ~15 Gt (including industrial sources) to store 100 years of emissions. The project started in September 2009, and the project team (led by Senergy Alternative Energy) has populated almost 600 potential storage units in the North Sea, Western Channel and Eastern Irish Sea with geological data, security of storage and economic assessments. These units cover both depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers. Comprehensive and consistent methodologies have been developed and peer reviewed within the team for calculating storage capacity for each unit. These take into account both ‘static’ effects (e.g. how much CO2 can be stored before a maximum pressure is reached) and ‘dynamic effects’ (e.g. how much CO2 can be injected into a large open aquifer before there is a risk of migration beyond the bounds of the storage unit; how fast can CO2 be injected into a ‘closed’ unit through one well).
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
The objective of the CCS UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP) has been to provide a fully auditable and defensible overall estimate of UK CO2 storage capacity in offshore geological formations, to inform future roll out of CCS in the UK.
The key project findings are that the UK has more than sufficient storage capacity to meet its ambitions for CCS over the next 100 years. This will require use of both depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers. To meet the rapid roll out expected in the 2020s, appraisal of aquifers needs to start in the near future.
The key project findings are that the UK has more than sufficient storage capacity to meet its ambitions for CCS over the next 100 years. This will require use of both depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers. To meet the rapid roll out expected in the 2020s, appraisal of aquifers needs to start in the near future.
Author(s): Firggens, S., Doyle, G., Scott, I. Ashley, R., Dodd, D. and Goodfellow, M.
Published: 2015
Publisher: ETI
Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMRs) are defined as nuclear power reactors with a maximum electrical output below 300MWe. They are generally considered to have distinct characteristics that make them different from conventional large reactors (LRs), such as modular design with pre-fabrication in offsite factories and the potential to deploy multiple reactors at the same site to form larger power plants. Many SMRs are also being designed as ‘integral’ units, where all key primary system components are integrated within a single pressure vessel and surrounded by a containment structure. A number of countries and companies are at different stages in the design and development of SMR technology.
If the technology is successfully developed, proponents claim that SMRs have the potential to offer a number of benefits to the UK’s future energy system. These benefits include the reliable provision of lowcarbon electricity and heat, flexible deployment and the opening up of additional sites closer to demand. There could also be economic benefits to countries that establish themselves at the forefront of technology development and export. But despite this potential, there are currently significant uncertainties relating to the future costs and performance of SMR technologies and the suitability of different designs for the UK.
The purpose of the ANT project was to frame the UK energy system requirements for a small generic nuclear power plant with an output of up to 300MWe. In practical terms this meant defining the technical and economic parameters for an SMR to be of value to the UK’s energy system in the future. The ETI appointed Mott MacDonald to undertake this work with Rolls Royce as subcontractor to Mott MacDonald.
The project was primarily aimed at understanding what SMRs will ultimately need to ‘achieve’ in order to be deployed in the UK. Whether or not the UK has a role in technology development is not directly relevant in this context, although some aspects of technology development were considered during the project.
If the technology is successfully developed, proponents claim that SMRs have the potential to offer a number of benefits to the UK’s future energy system. These benefits include the reliable provision of lowcarbon electricity and heat, flexible deployment and the opening up of additional sites closer to demand. There could also be economic benefits to countries that establish themselves at the forefront of technology development and export. But despite this potential, there are currently significant uncertainties relating to the future costs and performance of SMR technologies and the suitability of different designs for the UK.
The purpose of the ANT project was to frame the UK energy system requirements for a small generic nuclear power plant with an output of up to 300MWe. In practical terms this meant defining the technical and economic parameters for an SMR to be of value to the UK’s energy system in the future. The ETI appointed Mott MacDonald to undertake this work with Rolls Royce as subcontractor to Mott MacDonald.
The project was primarily aimed at understanding what SMRs will ultimately need to ‘achieve’ in order to be deployed in the UK. Whether or not the UK has a role in technology development is not directly relevant in this context, although some aspects of technology development were considered during the project.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
The ETI’s Marine Energy Programme was launched in December 2007. The first Call under the Marine Programme yielded three major projects (ReDAPT, PerAWaT and Wetmate Connector). In order to inform the future development of the ETI’s Marine Energy Programme, the ETI also commissioned a detailed benchmarking study of the marine energy technology landscape.The key purpose of the study was to analyse and map key marine energy (wave and tidal stream) component and system technologies in order to identify the major industry technology challenges and high-additionality technology opportunities that could be of interest to ETI. The study was commissioned as a Flexible Research Programme (FRP) project by Black & Veatch with DNV and Entec as sub-contractors, over 6 months and at a cost of £116k.
This is the executive summary, describing the four phases of the project and summarizing the results of each. The key findings of the whole programme are given. Recommended technologies for further investigation are
This is the executive summary, describing the four phases of the project and summarizing the results of each. The key findings of the whole programme are given. Recommended technologies for further investigation are
- tidal stream foundations
- low-cost wave energy structures
- optimised tidal stream blade technologies
- optimised power take-off systems (wave & tidal)
- wave energy sensors for control system optimisation and yield improvement.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2010
Publisher: ETI
The key purpose of the study was to analyse and map key marine energy component and system technologies in order to identify the major industry technology challenges and high-additionality technology opportunities that could be of interest to ETI.
In order to inform the future development of the ETI’s Marine Energy Programme, the ETI commissioned a detailed benchmarking study of the marine energy technology landscape, as a 6 month Flexible Research Project.
In order to inform the future development of the ETI’s Marine Energy Programme, the ETI commissioned a detailed benchmarking study of the marine energy technology landscape, as a 6 month Flexible Research Project.
Author(s): SNC-Lavalin UK Limited
Published: 2017
Publisher: ETI
This report provides an overview of the Thermal Power with CCS – Generic Business Case Project, summarising the three major reports (Site Selection Report, Plant Performance and Capital Cost Estimating, and Plant Operating Cost Modelling). The purpose of this project was to compare the feasibility and costs of a single design of large gas fired power plant fitted with CCS, at a range of sizes (modules of 1x 600 MWe to 5x 600 MWe), in five separate UK regions. For each region an optimal site was selected to establish the costs and feasibility of the chosen plant design. A set of common values, limitations and selection criteria were applied in the site selection process including:
References to “Scotland” in the report should be read as “Scotland (Grangemouth)”. Northern Scotland projects may potentially benefit from eased infrastructure requirements and so deliver different outcomes.
- Approach to risk – for investability, a lower risk approach was taken.
- Approach to public safety – this affected CO2 pipeline routings for example.
- Scale (upto 2-3 GWe), to be comparable with nuclear scales of operation. This impacted, for example, CO2 store selection decisions while some sites were unable to host the largest scales of operation tested by the project.
- Ability to gain consents such as planning permission.
- Public acceptance – this impacted, for example, site locations near areas of high population in particular since the plant size is extremely large; and CO2 pipeline routing choices.
References to “Scotland” in the report should be read as “Scotland (Grangemouth)”. Northern Scotland projects may potentially benefit from eased infrastructure requirements and so deliver different outcomes.
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
With increasing utilisation of renewable energy sources there are many cases where the ability to site generation within easy reach of demand becomes more limited. In these situations, how the energy is moved from where it is generated to where it is needed becomes a more critical aspect of the overall energy system. More remote locations are more costly to connect to transmission lines, be they electricity networks or pipelines. At the same time the intermittency of renewable energy sources places a greater emphasis on the use of energy storage to balance the different variations in supply and demand over time. Transporting stored energy is one possible way to address both of these concerns simultaneously.
In deciding whether to support the development of transportable energy storage technologies, the ETI needed access to a thoughtful and factual analysis that considers allthe relevant factors and identifies where transportable energy storage is most likely to be beneficial and what cost and performance targets would need to be met to justify the development of potential technologies to deliver transmission scale transportable storage.
Three sources of generation were considered within this project:
In deciding whether to support the development of transportable energy storage technologies, the ETI needed access to a thoughtful and factual analysis that considers allthe relevant factors and identifies where transportable energy storage is most likely to be beneficial and what cost and performance targets would need to be met to justify the development of potential technologies to deliver transmission scale transportable storage.
Three sources of generation were considered within this project:
- Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) generated in the Sahara to be imported to theUK;
- Wind energy generated in the Outer Hebrides to be imported to the UK; and
- Wind energy generated in the Orkney Islands to be exported to Norway
- Electricity transmission represents the least cost solution if electrical energy is required at the demand site
- Chemical energy carriers do however compare favourably with electricity transmission where they can be used directly
Author(s): ETI
Published: 2012
Publisher: ETI
With increasing utilisation of renewable energy sources there are many cases where the ability to site generation within easy reach of demand becomes more limited. In these situations, how the energy is moved from where it is generated to where it is needed becomes a more critical aspect of the overall energy system. More remote locations are more costly to connect to transmission lines, be they electricity networks or pipelines. At the same time the intermittency of renewable energy sources places a greater emphasis on the use of energy storage to balance the different variations in supply and demand over time. Transporting stored energy is one possible way to address both of these concerns simultaneously.
Key findings of the study are:
Key findings of the study are:
- Electricity transmission represents the least cost solution if electrical energy isrequired at the demand site
- Chemical energy carriers do however compare favourably with electricitytransmission where they can be used directly
- The use of electro-chemical energy storage media (i.e. a Zinc-Air Battery/shipconcept) is unlikely to represent an economically viable concept as the cost ofelectricity delivered is over six times that of the baseline transmission option
Author(s): Hull, L., Gillie, M.,Dudek, E., Irvine, J., Clarke, R., Cruden, A., and Houghton, T.
Published: 2011
Publisher: ETI
With increasing utilisation of renewable energy sources there are many cases where the ability to site generation within easy reach of demand becomes more limited. In these situations, how the energy is moved from where it is generated to where it is needed becomes a more critical aspect of the overall energy system. More remote locations are more costly to connect to transmission lines, be they electricity networks or pipelines. At the same time the intermittency of renewable energy sources places a greater emphasis on the use of energy storage to balance the different variations in supply and demand over time. Transporting stored energy is one possible way to address both of these concerns simultaneously.
Options for transferring energy from one location to another can be classified into one of the following two options:
The chemical energy carriers do, however, compare favourably with electricity transmission where they can be used directly for example for transport fuels or heating fuels. They also have the potential to provide a viable alternative to transmission and battery storage for matching fluctuations in demand.
Therefore, it is recommended that the ETI also considers developing hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels as alternatives to electricity for transport end uses, and for providing peak load and seasonable storage. It is recommended that the ETI consider investing in a demonstration project concerning renewable base hydrogen production, storage and re-use (both for use as atransport fuel and potentially for reconversion via a fuel cell to grid electricity).
Options for transferring energy from one location to another can be classified into one of the following two options:
- The direct and immediate transfer of energy tothe point where it will be used via electricity networks or pipelines, i.e. transmission; or
- The generation and storage of energy in a mobile device that can be transported further down the supply chain where it can either be used continuously or intermittently as required, i.e. a transportable energy solution.
- hydrogen;
- hydrocarbons produced via the Fischer-Tropsch process;
- ammonia;
- zinc air batteries; and
- aluminium.
The chemical energy carriers do, however, compare favourably with electricity transmission where they can be used directly for example for transport fuels or heating fuels. They also have the potential to provide a viable alternative to transmission and battery storage for matching fluctuations in demand.
Therefore, it is recommended that the ETI also considers developing hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels as alternatives to electricity for transport end uses, and for providing peak load and seasonable storage. It is recommended that the ETI consider investing in a demonstration project concerning renewable base hydrogen production, storage and re-use (both for use as atransport fuel and potentially for reconversion via a fuel cell to grid electricity).
Author(s): Jones Lang LaSalle Ltd (JLL)
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The Spatial Energy Plan for Greater Manchester Combined Authority project was commissioned as part of the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) Smart Systems and Heat Programme and undertaken through collaboration between the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Energy Systems Catapult. The study has consolidated the significant data and existing evidence relating to the local energy system to provide a platform for future energy planning in the region and the development of suitable policies within the emerging spatial planning framework for Greater Manchester.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 1, sets out the Key Considerations for the Evidence Base to support the Greater Manchester Spatial Framework.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 1, sets out the Key Considerations for the Evidence Base to support the Greater Manchester Spatial Framework.
Author(s): Jones Lang LaSalle Ltd (JLL)
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The Spatial Energy Plan for Greater Manchester Combined Authority project was commissioned as part of the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) Smart Systems and Heat Programme and undertaken through collaboration between the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Energy Systems Catapult. The study has consolidated the significant data and existing evidence relating to the local energy system to provide a platform for future energy planning in the region and the development of suitable policies within the emerging spatial planning framework for Greater Manchester.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 2, provides a summary of national, regional and local planning policy with a focus on the Greater Manchester Combined Authority energy planning history.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 2, provides a summary of national, regional and local planning policy with a focus on the Greater Manchester Combined Authority energy planning history.
Author(s): Jones Lang LaSalle Ltd (JLL)
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The Spatial Energy Plan for Greater Manchester Combined Authority project was commissioned as part of the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) Smart Systems and Heat Programme and undertaken through collaboration between the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Energy Systems Catapult. The study has consolidated the significant data and existing evidence relating to the local energy system to provide a platform for future energy planning in the region and the development of suitable policies within the emerging spatial planning framework for Greater Manchester.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 3, provides a summary of the national level technical housing and sustainability standards in the built environment.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides adviceand recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 3, provides a summary of the national level technical housing and sustainability standards in the built environment.
Author(s): Jones Lang LaSalle Ltd (JLL)
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
he Spatial Energy Plan for Greater Manchester Combined Authority project was commissioned as part of the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) Smart Systems and Heat Programme and undertaken through collaboration between the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Energy Systems Catapult. The study has consolidated the significant data and existing evidence relating to the local energy system to provide a platform for future energy planning in the region and the development of suitable policies within the emerging spatial planning framework for Greater Manchester.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides advice and recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 4, considers the possible policy levers and mechanisms that could be adopted and included within the Greater Manchester Spatial Framework to support energy system transformation and carbon reduction ambitions.
This Deliverable comprises one of a series of four briefing notes regarding the planning policy and related information to inform the production of a high level energy evidence base prior to the completion of a detailed EnergyPath modelling study with a local authority in Greater Manchester. It provides advice and recommendations relating to the current and future policy framework in GM which has informed the Catapult high level energy study for Greater Manchester. This Deliverable, Briefing Note 4, considers the possible policy levers and mechanisms that could be adopted and included within the Greater Manchester Spatial Framework to support energy system transformation and carbon reduction ambitions.
Author(s): Energy Systems Catapult
Published: 2016
Publisher: ETI
The Spatial Energy Plan for Greater Manchester Combined Authority project was commissioned as part of the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) Smart Systems and Heat Programme and undertaken through collaboration between the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Energy Systems Catapult. The study has consolidated the significant data and existing evidence relating to the local energy system to provide a platform for future energy planning in the region and the development of suitable policies within the emerging spatial planning framework for Greater Manchester.
As part of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme the Energy Systems Catapult has undertaken a strategic high level study of the energy system in Greater Manchester, with the intention of delivering an EnergyPath Networks study for one of the local authorities in Greater Manchester. The purpose of this document is to set out the different factors which could be included in selecting that local authority and the results of initial analysis of those factors completed by the Energy Systems Catapult.
From the analysis, the report concludes that Bury has highest score for consideration factors and modelling complexity, followed by Trafford. Manchester would be very challenging to analyse, and may prove beyond the capability of the model at its current state of development.
As part of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme the Energy Systems Catapult has undertaken a strategic high level study of the energy system in Greater Manchester, with the intention of delivering an EnergyPath Networks study for one of the local authorities in Greater Manchester. The purpose of this document is to set out the different factors which could be included in selecting that local authority and the results of initial analysis of those factors completed by the Energy Systems Catapult.
From the analysis, the report concludes that Bury has highest score for consideration factors and modelling complexity, followed by Trafford. Manchester would be very challenging to analyse, and may prove beyond the capability of the model at its current state of development.
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